Practice

1.1Physical quantities and measurement techniques

• 2(b)(i)Describe how to determine the volume of the piece of metal, using the equipment in Fig. 2.1.4 marks
• 2(b)(ii)Explain why this procedure is not suitable for finding the volume of a piece of low-density wood that is a similar shape and size to the piece of metal.1 mark

1.2Motion

• 1(a)(i)Draw one line from each letter to the correct description.2 marks
• 1(a)(ii)Determine the speed of the car at time = 4.0 s.1 mark
• 1(b)Define the term velocity.1 mark
• 1(a)Define acceleration.1 mark
• 1(a)State your answer in seconds.1 mark
• 1(b)Calculate the average speed of this train.3 marks
• 1(c)Using the graph, determine the total distance travelled by this train on this part of the track.4 marks
• 1(a)Calculate the acceleration of the vehicle at time t = 30 s.3 marks
• 1(b)Using ideas about forces, explain why any change in the acceleration has occurred.2 marks
• 1(c)Determine the distance travelled by the vehicle between time t = 120 s and time t = 160 s.3 marks

1.3Mass and weight

• 2(a)Calculate the mass of the metal.2 marks

1.4Density

• 2(b)Describe a method that the student uses.3 marks
• 2(b)(iii)Calculate the density of this piece of metal, in g/cm³.3 marks
• 5(b)(i)Calculate the mass of ice on the lake.2 marks

1.5Forces

• 3(a)(i)State the size and the direction of the resultant force.2 marks
• 3(a)(ii)Suggest what causes the 80 N force on the boat in Fig. 3.1.1 mark
• 3(a)(iii)Describe the horizontal motion of this boat.1 mark
• 1(c)(i)Explain why this happens.4 marks
• 3(a)(i)Give the unit.4 marks
• 3(a)(ii)Describe another example of using the turning effect of a force.1 mark
• 3(b)Describe how the man can increase the turning effect without increasing the force.1 mark
• 1(b)Using ideas about forces, explain why any change in the acceleration has occurred.2 marks
• 2(a)Complete the definitions by giving the name of each quantity.2 marks

1.6Momentum

• 2(a)Complete the definitions by giving the name of each quantity.2 marks
• 2(b)(i)Calculate the momentum of the ball as it leaves the golf club.2 marks
• 2(b)(ii)Calculate the average resultant force acting on the ball while it is in contact with the golf club.2 marks

1.7Energy, work and power

• 4(a)State two reasons, apart from cost, for reducing the amount of fossil fuel burned.2 marks
• 4(b)(i)Describe how a hydroelectric power station generates electrical power.3 marks
• 4(b)(ii)State two other disadvantages of using a hydroelectric power station to generate electrical power.2 marks
• 4(c)Suggest one method of storing the electrical energy generated by a wind turbine.1 mark
• 2(b)State the energy transfer that takes place as the spring expands.2 marks
• 4(a)Name the energy source used by each method: the energy source in Fig. 4.1, and the energy source in Fig. 4.2.2 marks
• 4(b)(i)State two advantages of using the renewable sources in either Fig. 4.1 or Fig. 4.2 for generating electrical power compared to using a coal-fired power station.2 marks
• 4(b)(ii)State one disadvantage of using the renewable sources in either Fig. 4.1 or Fig. 4.2 for generating electrical power compared to using a coal-fired power station.1 mark
• 2(b)(iii)State the type of energy stored in the ball during its contact with the golf club.1 mark
• 3(c)State two advantages and two disadvantages of using solar cells to generate electrical power.4 marks

1.8Pressure

• 5(b)Calculate the pressure produced by the bottle on the table, in N/cm².3 marks

2.1Kinetic particle model of matter

• 5(a)Describe the arrangement, separation and motion of gas particles.3 marks
• 3(a)State one way in which the motion of the particles in ice differs from the motion of the particles in water.1 mark
• 5(a)(i)State what happens to the pressure of the air in the bottle.1 mark
• 5(a)(ii)Use ideas about gas particles in your answer.4 marks
• 4(a)Using ideas about momentum, explain how the atoms of helium produce a force on the wall of the balloon.3 marks
• 4(b)(i)Explain why the pressure in the balloon decreases as the balloon rises.2 marks
• 4(b)(ii)Calculate the pressure of the helium when its volume is 12 m³.2 marks
• 5(a)Compare the arrangement and motion of the particles in ice and in liquid water.2 marks

2.2Thermal properties and temperature

• 6(a)Determine the rise in temperature of the water as it passes between Tank A and Tank B.1 mark
• 5(b)(ii)Calculate the change in energy as the temperature falls.2 marks

2.3Transfer of thermal energy

• 6(a)Describe how the student can compare the conduction of thermal energy through the rods in Fig. 6.1.2 marks
• 3(b)(i)State the name of the thermal process that transfers energy from the water to the ice.1 mark
• 3(b)(iii)Explain how convection causes the temperature of all the water in the beaker to decrease.3 marks
• 6(b)State three improvements she can make to increase the thermal energy absorbed.3 marks
• 6(c)Describe the processes that transfer the thermal energy from the Sun to the water inside the pipe.2 marks

3.1General properties of waves

• 5(a)Describe how a longitudinal wave differs from a transverse wave.2 marks
• 5(b)(i)Justify your choice.1 mark
• 7(a)Label the distance W.1 mark
• 7(b)Determine the amplitude of the wave, in cm.1 mark
• 7(c)Calculate the frequency of the wave, in Hz.2 marks
• 7(d)Explain how the motion of the ball shows that the water wave is transverse.1 mark
• 7(e)State another example of a transverse wave (other than a water wave).1 mark

3.2Light

• 7(a)(i)Indicate the angle of reflection by drawing a letter R on Fig. 7.1.1 mark
• 7(a)(ii)State the size of the angle of reflection in Fig. 7.1.1 mark
• 7(b)(i)On Fig. 7.2, locate the image of O by continuing the path of each ray.2 marks
• 7(b)(ii)Draw an arrow to represent the image of O.1 mark
• 7(c)(i)State the name of the effect that produces a spectrum.1 mark
• 4(a)(i)State what is meant by 'focal point'.2 marks
• 4(a)(ii)On Fig. 4.1, mark: • a point X on the principal axis for a possible position of the object • a point E for a possible position of the student's eye.1 mark
• 4(a)(iii)Underline two words in the list that describe the image produced.1 mark
• 4(b)(ii)State what happens to the wavelength of light as it passes into the lens.1 mark
• 4(c)State the name of the problem and explain how a converging lens is used to correct it.3 marks
• 8(a)State which angle w, x, y or z, is the angle of refraction.1 mark
• 6(a)(ii)Underline three of the terms below that describe the image shown in Fig. 6.2.2 marks
• 6(b)On Fig. 6.3, draw the path of the blue light as it enters, passes through and leaves the prism.2 marks

3.3Electromagnetic spectrum

• 6(b)(ii)Give one use of the radiation in this region.2 marks
• 9(a)(i)State the name of this part.1 mark
• 9(a)(ii)State the value for the speed of infrared waves in a vacuum.1 mark
• 9(a)(iii)State one example.1 mark
• 9(b)(i)Describe one medical use for X-rays and one medical use for γ-rays.2 marks
• 9(b)(ii)State two reasons why γ-rays are dangerous to living things.2 marks

3.4Sound

• 7(a)State a typical value for the speed of sound in air.1 mark
• 7(b)Using your value for the speed of sound in air, calculate the frequency of the sound wave.2 marks
• 7(c)Describe and explain how to use ultrasound to determine the size and position of the bubble inside the metal block.4 marks

4.1Simple phenomena of magnetism

• 8(a)(i)State one material which is suitable for the core of the electromagnet.1 mark
• 8(b)(i)State the name of a piece of equipment that can show the direction of a magnetic field.1 mark
• 8(b)(ii)State the name of the pole labelled X on the core of the electromagnet.1 mark

4.2Electrical quantities

• 6(a)(i)State what is meant by 'electric field'.1 mark
• 6(a)(ii)Draw at least four lines.3 marks
• 10(c)Calculate the resistance of the motor.3 marks
• 9(a)Referring to the charge on the ball, explain why the ball moves to the positive plate after touching the negative plate.2 marks
• 9(b)State which particles move when there is a current and state the direction in which they move through the sensitive ammeter.2 marks
• 9(c)Calculate the current shown on the sensitive ammeter.3 marks

4.3Electric circuits

• 7(b)(i)Draw a circuit diagram that shows all the 1.5 V cells connected to produce an e.m.f.3 marks
• 10(a)On Fig. 10.1, circle the symbol representing the heater.1 mark
• 10(b)Explain the function of the variable resistor in this circuit.2 marks
• 8(a)Calculate the combined resistance between Y and Z.4 marks
• 8(b)Calculate the potential difference (p.d.) across the 8.0 Ω resistor.2 marks

4.4Electrical safety

• 9(a)(i)State the name of each of the three wires inside the power cable.2 marks
• 9(a)(ii)Suggest one hazard due to a current of 30 A in the cable.1 mark

4.5Electromagnetic effects

• 12(a)Calculate the number of turns in the secondary coil.2 marks
• 12(b)Calculate the current in the primary circuit.2 marks

5.1The nuclear model of the atom

• 10(a)(ii)Determine the number of electrons in one atom of strontium-90.1 mark
• 8(a)(iii)Suggest one reason why a nucleus of thallium-208 is unstable.1 mark
• 11(a)On Fig. 11.1 draw a line from each symbol to the correct description for that symbol.3 marks

5.2Radioactivity

• 10(b)Describe the nature of β-particles.1 mark
• 8(a)(i)Complete the equation for this decay.3 marks
• 8(a)(ii)Explain why this γ-emission does not affect the numbers in the decay equation.1 mark
• 8(b)On Fig. 8.1: • draw a line labelled β to indicate the path of the β-particles in the magnetic field • draw a line labelled γ to indicate the path of the γ-radiation in the magnetic field.3 marks
• 11(b)Calculate the mass of this isotope that remains in the sample after 18 years.3 marks
• 10(a)(i)Complete the nuclear equation for this decay.2 marks
• 10(a)(ii)Explain why beta (β) emitters or gamma (γ) emitters are not used in smoke detectors.1 mark
• 10(b)Calculate the time required for this decay.3 marks

6.1Earth and the Solar System

• 11(a)State the names of two other categories of bodies in the Solar System.2 marks
• 11(b)State the name of the galaxy that includes our Solar System.1 mark
• 12(a)(i)State the three main forms of electromagnetic radiation emitted by the Sun.2 marks
• 12(a)(ii)State the two main elements that are found in the Sun.1 mark

6.2Stars and the Universe

• 11(c)Describe how the light from distant galaxies gives evidence to support the Big Bang Theory.3 marks
• 9(c)(i)Describe and explain what happens as an interstellar cloud of gas forms a protostar.2 marks
• 9(c)(ii)Describe and explain what happens as a protostar becomes a stable star.3 marks
• 12(b)State and explain what can be deduced from the 'redshift' observed by astronomers in the light from all distant galaxies.3 marks
• 3(a)(i)State the name of the process which releases energy in the Sun.1 mark
• 3(a)(ii)Describe what happens in this process.2 marks
• 11(a)Describe and explain how a stable star is formed.3 marks
• 11(b)Describe and explain what can be deduced from cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR).3 marks

1.1Enterprise

• 1(a)Define the term demand.2 marks
• 1(b)Explain one factor that influences the supply of a product.3 marks
• 2(a)Define the term factors of production.2 marks
• 1(a)(ii)Explain the term opportunity cost.3 marks
• 1(a)Define the term 'social enterprise'.2 marks
• 1(b)Explain two advantages to a business of being a social enterprise.3 marks
• 1(a)(i)Define the term 'market segmentation' (line 25).2 marks

1.2Business structure

• 1(a)(i)Identify one quality an entrepreneur needs for success.1 mark
• 1Evaluate the extent to which leadership contributed to BV's effective strategic management between 2009 and 2022.20 marks
• 2(a)Define the term 'franchise'.2 marks
• 2(b)Explain two advantages to a business of buying a franchise.3 marks
• 1(c)Explain two entrepreneurial qualities that Priya has shown.4 marks

1.3Size of businessnothing yet

1.4Business objectives

• 2(a)(ii)Explain the term sustainability.3 marks
• 2(b)(ii)Explain one reason why MXB's objectives may change.3 marks
• 2(a)(ii)Explain the term 'mission statement' (line 2).3 marks

1.5Stakeholders in a business

• 4Analyse one way in which conflict between stakeholders may affect a business.5 marks
• 2(a)(i)Identify one stakeholder of a business.1 mark

2.1Human resource management (HRM)

• 3(a)Define the term equality.2 marks
• 3(b)Explain one benefit to a business of employing a diverse workforce.3 marks
• 1(c)Analyse two benefits to OFD of offering induction training to all employees.8 marks

2.2Motivation

• 6Discuss the extent to which you agree with this view.20 marks
• 1(a)Define the term 'piece rate'.2 marks
• 1(b)Explain two advantages to a business of using a time based payment method.3 marks

2.3Managementnothing yet

3.1The nature of marketing

• 2(b)(i)Calculate MXB's market share of the mountain bike market in country J.3 marks

3.2Market research

• 5(b)Discuss the usefulness of secondary market research to a business planning to launch a new luxury perfume.12 marks
• 7(b)Discuss the usefulness to a furniture retailer of using secondary market research when planning to enter a new market.12 marks

3.3The marketing mix

• 6(a)Analyse two benefits to a business of having a product with a unique selling point (USP).8 marks
• 6(b)'Marketing is the most important factor that will affect the success of a new coffee shop.' Evaluate this view.12 marks
• 4(a)Define the term 'price elasticity of demand'.2 marks
• 4(b)Explain two benefits to a business of knowing the price elasticity of demand of its products.3 marks
• 7(a)Analyse the advantages to a business of using online advertising.8 marks
• 1(d)Justify your recommendation.11 marks

4.1The nature of operations

• 2(b)Explain one stage of the transformational process.3 marks
• 4(a)Define the term 'Computer Aided Manufacture' (CAM).2 marks
• 4(b)Explain two disadvantages to a business of introducing CAM (Computer Aided Manufacture).3 marks
• 5(a)Analyse the advantages to a business of using mass customisation.8 marks

4.2Inventory management

• 5(b)Discuss the importance to a hotel of having effective inventory control.12 marks
• 2(a)(i)Define the term 'lead time' (line 5).2 marks
• 2(c)Analyse two benefits to MC of Just in Time (JIT) inventory control.8 marks

4.3Capacity utilisation and outsourcingnothing yet

5.1Business finance

• 3Explain why a business manager needs to understand the difference between capital expenditure and revenue expenditure.5 marks

5.2Sources of finance

• 5(a)Analyse two benefits to a business of government grants as a source of finance.8 marks
• 1(b)(ii)Explain one factor that will influence Markus' choice of a source of finance.3 marks
• 7(b)Discuss the most appropriate source of finance for a private limited company to purchase an additional factory.12 marks

5.3Forecasting and managing cash flows

• 5(b)Evaluate whether the most likely reason for the failure of a small retailer is poor management of its working capital.12 marks
• 1(b)(i)Calculate the forecast closing balance for August 2023.3 marks
• 1(a)(ii)Explain the difference between cash and profit (line 23).3 marks
• 1(b)(i)Calculate PB's forecast closing balance in month 3 (X).2 marks
• 1(b)(ii)Analyse two benefits to Priya of producing a cash flow forecast.8 marks

5.4Costs

• 1(d)Evaluate whether Markus needs accurate cost information before setting up OFD.12 marks
• 7(a)Analyse the benefits to a business of using break-even analysis.8 marks

5.5Budgetsnothing yet

6.1External influences on business activitynothing yet

6.2Business strategy

• 2Advise the Board of Directors on a marketing strategy to use when BV enters the market in country X.20 marks

7.1Organisational structurenothing yet

7.2Business communicationnothing yet

7.3Leadership

• 2(a)Define the term 'emotional intelligence'.2 marks
• 2(b)Explain two benefits to a business of autocratic leadership.3 marks
• 6Discuss the importance of emotional intelligence to a manager of a luxury holiday resort.20 marks

7.4Human resource management (HRM) strategynothing yet

8.1Marketing analysis

• 2(d)Evaluate how MXB can change its marketing mix to extend the product life cycle of its range of mountain bikes.12 marks
• 3Explain how price elasticity of demand influences the pricing decisions of a business.5 marks

8.2Marketing strategy

• 2(c)Analyse one advantage and one disadvantage to MXB of growing by launching a new product range of electric scooters.8 marks
• 5(a)Analyse the benefits to a business of focusing on the 4Cs when planning to increase its market share.8 marks

9.1Location and scalenothing yet

9.2Quality managementnothing yet

9.3Operations strategynothing yet

10.1Financial statementsnothing yet

10.2Analysis of published accounts

• 2(b)(i)Calculate MC's acid test ratio.4 marks
• 2(b)(ii)Explain one reason why the acid test ratio is useful to MC's Finance Director.2 marks

10.3Investment appraisal

• 2(d)Evaluate the possible impact on MC from introducing process innovation.11 marks

10.4Finance and accounting strategynothing yet

1.1Physical quantitiesnothing yet

1.2SI unitsnothing yet

1.3Errors and uncertainties

• 1(a)Use the data in Table 1.1 to calculate the speed v.2 marks
• 1(b)Use your answer in (a) (the calculated speed v) and the data in Table 1.1 to calculate the absolute uncertainty in the value of v.2 marks

1.4Scalars and vectorsnothing yet

2.1Equations of motion

• 2(a)Define velocity.1 mark
• 2(b)(i)Determine the time taken for the ball to reach the wall.2 marks
• 2(b)(ii)Calculate the vertical component u of the initial velocity of the ball.1 mark
• 2(b)(iii)Calculate the height h of the wall.3 marks
• 2(a)Define acceleration.1 mark
• 2(b)(i)Calculate the initial horizontal component vX of the velocity of the ball.1 mark
• 2(b)(ii)Show that the initial vertical component vY of the velocity of the ball is 8.5 m s⁻¹.2 marks
• 2(b)(iii)Calculate the time taken for the ball to reach its maximum height above the ground.2 marks
• 2(c)(i)Calculate the maximum height above the ground of the ball.2 marks
• 2(d)State and explain the effect, if any, of the increased mass on the time taken by the ball to reach its maximum height.1 mark

3.1Momentum and Newton’s laws of motion

• 3(c)Calculate the magnitude of this force.3 marks
• 3(a)(i)Define force.1 mark
• 3(b)(iii)Calculate the maximum deceleration of the block.2 marks

3.2Non-uniform motion

• 1(b)On Fig. 1.1, draw and label arrows to show the directions of the two forces acting on the sphere.2 marks
• 1(c)Calculate the drag force F_D acting on the sphere.2 marks
• 1(d)Use your answer in (c) to calculate the drag coefficient C for the sphere.3 marks

3.3Linear momentum and its conservation

• 3(b)By considering the conservation of momentum in two dimensions, calculate the magnitudes of v and w.4 marks
• 3(b)(v)Calculate the magnitude of the change in momentum of the block.2 marks

4.1Turning effects of forcesnothing yet

4.2Equilibrium of forces

• 3(b)(iv)State and explain whether the block is in equilibrium: • before it hits the spring • when its speed becomes zero.2 marks

4.3Density and pressurenothing yet

5.1Energy conservation

• 3(a)(ii)State what is meant by work done.1 mark

5.2Gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy

• 2(c)(ii)Calculate the mass of the ball.2 marks
• 3(b)(i)Calculate the initial kinetic energy of the block.2 marks

6.1Stress and strain

• 4(a)Define strain.1 mark
• 4(b)(i)Calculate the Young modulus of the wire.3 marks
• 4(b)(ii)On Fig. 4.1, draw a line to show how the stress varies with the strain for the wire up to its limit of proportionality.2 marks
• 4(c)By placing a tick (✓) in each row, complete Table 4.1 to compare the stress and strain of the two wires.2 marks

6.2Elastic and plastic behaviour

• 3(b)(ii)Use your answer in (b)(i) (the initial kinetic energy) to calculate the maximum force F_MAX exerted on the spring by the block.2 marks

7.1Progressive waves

• 4(b)(i)Calculate the wavelength of the waves.2 marks

7.2Transverse and longitudinal waves

• 4(a)(i)By reference to the direction of transfer of energy, state what is meant by a transverse wave.1 mark

7.3Doppler effect for sound wavesnothing yet

7.4Electromagnetic spectrumnothing yet

7.5Polarisation

• 5(a)State one angle of the transmission axis to the vertical that results in no transmitted light beam.1 mark
• 5(b)(i)Calculate angle θ.2 marks
• 5(b)(ii)Calculate the ratio (amplitude of transmitted light)/(amplitude of incident light).2 marks

8.1Stationary waves

• 5(a)Explain how a stationary wave is formed between the vibration generator and the wall.2 marks
• 5(b)Calculate the wavelength of the stationary wave shown in Fig. 5.2.1 mark
• 5(c)On Fig. 5.3, sketch the shape of the stationary wave at time t = 0.24 s.2 marks
• 5(d)State the phase difference between the oscillations of points R and T.1 mark
• 5(e)Calculate the speed of the progressive waves on the stretched string.2 marks
• 4(a)(ii)State the principle of superposition.2 marks

8.2Diffractionnothing yet

8.3Interference

• 4(b)(ii)Give your answer in terms of the wavelength λ of the waves.1 mark

8.4The diffraction gratingnothing yet

9.1Electric currentnothing yet

9.2Potential difference and power

• 6(b)(ii)Calculate: • the total energy transferred by the battery • the number of electrons that pass through the battery.3 marks
• 6(b)(iv)Use your answer in (b)(iii) to determine the ratio (power dissipated in thermistor X)/(power dissipated in 12 Ω resistor).2 marks

9.3Resistance and resistivity

• 2(c)State one way in which the variation with temperature of the resistance of a thermistor differs from that of a platinum wire.1 mark
• 6(b)(iii)Calculate the resistance of X.1 mark

10.1Practical circuits

• 6(c)Calculate the internal resistance r of the cell.3 marks
• 6(b)(i)By considering energy, explain why the potential difference across the terminals of the battery is less than the e.m.f.1 mark

10.2Kirchhoff’s laws

• 6(a)State Kirchhoff's first law.1 mark
• 6(b)Use Kirchhoff's laws to show that the total resistance R_T of the external circuit is given by R_T = R₁ + R₂.2 marks
• 6(a)Show that the total resistance R of the combination is given by the equation 1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃.2 marks

10.3Potential dividersnothing yet

11.1Atoms, nuclei and radiation

• 7(a)State the nuclide notation in the form ᴬ_Z X for this nucleus of copper.1 mark
• 9(c)Determine the nucleon number of isotope X.3 marks

11.2Fundamental particles

• 7(b)State one similarity between a β⁺ particle and a β⁻ particle.1 mark
• 7(c)State the quark composition of a meson.1 mark
• 7(d)Show your working.2 marks

12.1Kinematics of uniform circular motionnothing yet

12.2Centripetal acceleration

• 1(b)(iii)Complete Table 1.1 by giving expressions, in terms of some or all of M, R and Φ, for the quantities indicated for each of the satellites X and Y.4 marks

13.1Gravitational fieldnothing yet

13.2Gravitational force between point masses

• 1(a)Explain how the force(s) on a satellite can result in the satellite being in a circular orbit around a planet.2 marks
• 1(c)Use the expression in (b) to calculate ρ.3 marks

13.3Gravitational field of a point massnothing yet

13.4Gravitational potential

• 1(a)Define gravitational potential at a point.2 marks
• 1(b)(i)Explain why the gravitational potential at X is negative.2 marks
• 1(b)(ii)State an expression, in terms of Φ, for the gravitational potential at Y due to the planet.2 marks
• 1(b)(iii)Complete Table 1.1 by giving expressions, in terms of some or all of M, R and Φ, for the quantities indicated for each of the satellites X and Y.4 marks

14.1Thermal equilibriumnothing yet

14.2Temperature scales

• 2(a)(i)State the magnitude and unit of absolute zero on the thermodynamic temperature scale.1 mark
• 2(a)(ii)Explain why temperature measured using a laboratory liquid-in-glass thermometer does not give a measurement of thermodynamic temperature.1 mark
• 2(b)(i)Explain how Fig. 2.2 shows that platinum is a suitable metal for use in a resistance thermometer.2 marks
• 2(b)(ii)Suggest a reason why a platinum resistance thermometer is not suitable for measuring a rapidly changing temperature.1 mark
• 2(b)(iii)Suggest a type of thermometer that is suitable for measuring a rapidly changing temperature.1 mark

14.3Specific heat capacity and specific latent heatnothing yet

15.1The molenothing yet

15.2Equation of state

• 3(b)(i)Determine the number N of molecules of the gas.2 marks
• 2(a)Calculate the thermodynamic temperature of the gas.2 marks

15.3Kinetic theory of gases

• 3(a)(ii)Use one of the basic assumptions of the kinetic theory to explain what can be deduced about the potential energy associated with the random motion of molecules in an ideal gas.2 marks
• 3(b)(ii)Determine the average translational kinetic energy E_K of one molecule of the gas.2 marks
• 2(b)(i)Show that the new volume of the gas is 4.75 × 10⁻² m³.1 mark

16.1Internal energy

• 3(b)(iii)Explain your reasoning.2 marks
• 3(c)On Fig. 3.1, sketch the variation with V of the internal energy U of the gas.2 marks
• 2(b)(ii)Explain your working.3 marks

16.2The first law of thermodynamics

• 2(c)(i)Use this information to calculate the external work done during the expansion of the gas.2 marks
• 2(c)(ii)Explain your reasoning.2 marks

17.1Simple harmonic oscillations

• 4(b)(iii)Determine the frequency of the oscillations of the ball.1 mark
• 3(a)(i)For the oscillating magnet, use data from Fig. 3.2 to determine, to two significant figures, the frequency f.2 marks

17.2Energy in simple harmonic motion

• 3(a)(ii)For the oscillating magnet, use data from Fig. 3.2 to determine, to two significant figures, the energy of the oscillations during the time interval t = 0 to t = 6.0 s.3 marks

17.3Damped and forced oscillations, resonance

• 4(a)State what is meant by resonance.2 marks
• 4(b)(i)State the name of the phenomenon illustrated by the decrease in the amplitude of the oscillations in Fig. 4.2.1 mark
• 4(b)(ii)Explain the decrease with time of the amplitude of the oscillations of the ball.2 marks
• 4(c)On Fig. 4.3, sketch the variation with f of the amplitude of the oscillations of the ball.2 marks
• 3(b)Explain, with reference to Fig. 3.2, whether this damping is light, critical or heavy.1 mark

18.1Electric fields and field lines

• 5(a)Define electric field.2 marks

18.2Uniform electric fields

• 5(b)(i)On Fig. 5.1, draw four field lines to represent the electric field between the plates.2 marks
• 5(b)(ii)Determine the strength E of the electric field between the plates.2 marks
• 5(b)(iii)On Fig. 5.1, draw the path of the electron as it moves between and beyond the plates.2 marks

18.3Electric force between point charges

• 4(a)State Coulomb's law.2 marks
• 4(b)(ii)Use data from Fig. 4.2 to determine the magnitude of the acceleration of the proton.3 marks

18.4Electric field of a point chargenothing yet

18.5Electric potentialnothing yet

19.1Capacitors and capacitancenothing yet

19.2Energy stored in a capacitornothing yet

19.3Discharging a capacitor

• 6(a)Explain the shape of the line in Fig. 6.2.3 marks
• 6(b)(i)Use Fig. 6.2 to determine resistance R.2 marks
• 6(b)(ii)Use Fig. 6.2 to determine the time constant τ of the circuit in Fig. 6.1.3 marks
• 6(c)Use your answers in (b) to determine capacitance C.2 marks
• 5(b)(ii)Determine the time, in s, for which the capacitor is discharging between times t = 1.0 ms and t = 5.0 ms.1 mark
• 5(b)(iii)Using your smoothed V_OUT line drawn on Fig. 5.1 and the discharging time found in (b)(ii), calculate the resistance R.2 marks

20.1Concept of a magnetic fieldnothing yet

20.2Force on a current-carrying conductornothing yet

20.3Force on a moving charge

• 5(c)(i)Determine the direction of the uniform magnetic field.1 mark
• 5(c)(ii)Explain, with reference to the forces exerted by the two fields on the electron, why the path of the electron is undeviated.2 marks
• 5(c)(iii)Give a unit with your answer.2 marks
• 6(a)(i)Use letters from Fig. 6.1 to identify the two faces between which the Hall voltage is produced.1 mark
• 6(b)(i)Use the letters in Fig. 6.1 to identify the distance t.1 mark

20.4Magnetic fields due to currentsnothing yet

20.5Electromagnetic induction

• 7(b)Calculate the average electromotive force (e.m.f.) induced in coil C when a current of 3.5 A is reversed in the solenoid in a time of 2.4 ms.2 marks
• 7(c)Describe qualitatively the e.m.f.2 marks

21.1Characteristics of alternating currents

• 7(b)(i)Show that the maximum power dissipated in R is 0.22 W.2 marks
• 7(b)(iii)Calculate the mean power dissipated in R.1 mark
• 5(a)(i)Determine the root-mean-square (r.m.s.) value of the supply potential difference before rectification.2 marks

21.2Rectification and smoothing

• 7(b)(ii)On Fig. 7.3, sketch the variation with t of the power P dissipated in R.3 marks
• 7(c)Explain, without calculation, how the mean power now dissipated in R compares with the answer in (b)(iii).2 marks
• 5(a)(ii)State the type of rectification shown in Fig. 5.1.1 mark
• 5(b)(i)On Fig. 5.1, draw a line to show V_OUT between times t = 1.0 ms and t = 5.0 ms.3 marks

22.1Energy and momentum of a photonnothing yet

22.2Photoelectric effect

• 8(a)Describe two phenomena associated with the photoelectric effect that cannot be explained using a wave theory of light.2 marks
• 8(b)(i)Identify the symbol λ₀.1 mark
• 8(b)(ii)Use Fig. 8.1 to determine the magnitude of λ₀.1 mark
• 8(b)(iii)Show your working.3 marks
• 8(c)On Fig. 8.1, draw a line to show the variation with 1/λ of E_max for the oxidised surface.2 marks

22.3Wave-particle dualitynothing yet

22.4Energy levels in atoms and line spectranothing yet

23.1Mass defect and nuclear binding energy

• 9(a)Complete the equation.1 mark
• 9(b)(ii)Calculate the binding energy per nucleon, in MeV, of lanthanum-139 (¹³⁹₅₇La).3 marks

23.2Radioactive decay

• 7(b)(i)Use Fig. 7.1 to explain why other particles apart from the β⁻ particles must be emitted during this decay.3 marks
• 7(b)(ii)State the name of the other particle emitted during the decay of this isotope.1 mark
• 7(b)(iii)Give the radioactive decay equation for this decay.3 marks
• 9(a)Define half-life of a radioactive isotope.1 mark
• 9(b)(i)State the name of the quantity represented by the magnitude of the gradient of line X in Fig. 9.1.1 mark
• 9(b)(ii)State three conclusions about X or Y that may be drawn from Fig. 9.1.3 marks
• 7(a)State the number of protons and the number of neutrons in nucleus X.2 marks

24.1Production and use of ultrasound

• 10(b)(i)Explain how ultrasound pulses are used to obtain diagnostic information about internal body structures in medical diagnosis.3 marks
• 10(b)(iii)State the approximate value of the intensity reflection coefficient at the boundary between the two media when: • Z₁ is almost equal to Z₂ • Z₁ is very different from Z₂.2 marks

24.2Production and use of X-rays

• 8(b)(i)State the name of the particles.1 mark
• 8(b)(ii)On Fig. 8.1, use + and – signs to label terminals X and Y to indicate the polarity of the high voltage.1 mark
• 8(c)(i)For an accelerating voltage of 32 kV, determine the maximum energy, in MeV, of an X-ray photon produced at the target.1 mark
• 8(c)(ii)Determine the maximum momentum of an X-ray photon produced at the target.2 marks
• 8(c)(iii)Determine the minimum wavelength of X-rays produced at the target.3 marks
• 8(d)Explain why X-rays can be used to produce images of internal body structures that have good contrast.3 marks
• 10(a)(i)State what is meant by contrast in an X-ray image.1 mark
• 10(a)(ii)Calculate the ratio (intensity of radiation transmitted through the bone) / (intensity of radiation transmitted through the muscle).2 marks

24.3PET scanning

• 11(a)(i)State what is meant by a tracer.2 marks
• 11(a)(ii)State the name of the particles that are emitted from the body and detected by the detectors during PET scanning.1 mark
• 11(b)Explain how these particles are created from positrons.3 marks
• 11(c)Suggest why two of these photons are needed to create one positron.2 marks

25.1Standard candles

• 10(a)(i)State what is meant by the luminosity of a star.2 marks
• 10(a)(ii)Explain how a standard candle in a distant galaxy can be used to determine the distance of the galaxy from an observer.3 marks
• 12(a)(i)Name the term used to describe an astronomical object that has known luminosity.1 mark
• 12(a)(ii)Determine the distance of the star from Earth.2 marks

25.2Stellar radii

• 10(b)(i)Give a unit with your answer.2 marks
• 10(b)(ii)Determine the surface temperature of this star.2 marks
• 12(b)(i)Explain your reasoning.2 marks
• 12(b)(ii)Use this information to determine the radius of the star.2 marks

25.3Hubble’s law and the Big Bang theorynothing yet